What is Ethanol Essay - 1228 Words

What do you think of when I say Chloroform? You would probably think of something along the lines of spies and television burglars. Chloroform has been overly dramatized as an incredible â€Å"knock-out† liquid that a drop on a cloth can instantly get somebody unconscious. This is simply not true though. Although chloroform is an anesthesia, it is very unpractical and isn’t very applicable to any of the stories that you hear. Chloroform used to be made to the need of doctors without anesthetics. The main way to produce chloroform is by adding bleaching powder, water, and ethanol. Ethanol has been used throughout history in a variety of ways. Every time you look at any alcoholic beverage, you are looking at a small amount of ethanol. Ethanol†¦show more content†¦There are many useful byproducts of both that make the ethanol production worthwhile. In the synthetic side of things, using ethylene, a molecule used in many common day products such as plastic, can gen erate ethanol. Water is added to the ethylene under high temperature and pressure to create high concentration ethanol. Certain chemicals can be added to make it absolute ethanol. A denaturing agent is usually added to the final batch of ethanol so it doesn’t have alcohol tax. Ethanol is a common household item that is also used on the roads. This liquid can be found everywhere in the household, from the bathroom to the car. In the bathroom, rubbing alcohol is a common sight. This rubbing alcohol is usually made from a mixture of ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, and water. In the kitchen, it is used as drinking alcohol. The earliest evidence of drinking alcohol comes from the Chinese at around 7000 BCE. The Greek were the first to have an alcoholic drink popularized. Mead, an alcoholic drink made from honey, was the most successful beverage at the time. Later, in the 16th century, alcohol began to be used in the field of medicine. By the 18th century, inexpensive gin and other beverages had become very popular. Britain had quickly reached 18 million gallon of gin drunk. In January 16th, 1919, the eighteenth amendment was ratified into the constitution. This amendment prohibited the production and vending of all alcoholic drinks. This probation period,Show MoreRelatedWhat Effect Does Drinking Ethanol ( Ethyl Alcohol ) On Humans? Use The Niaa Site Above? Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesPlease do not aimlessly Google answers and do not copy/paste from websites. Type up your answers in a WORD document an upload them to Blackboard when you are ready. 1. What effect does drinking ethanol (ethyl alcohol; alcohol) have on humans? Use the NIAA site above to answer this question. 5 pts; 1 for source The effects of ethanol on humans starts when the alcohol enters the bloodstream, and the more alcohol that enters the bloodstream, there’s a higher risk for effects. Some of the effects includeRead MoreCorn Ethanol Controversy And The Chemical Formula Of Ethanol975 Words   |  4 PagesCorn Ethanol Controversy! Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a clear, colorless liquid. It is also known as ethyl alcohol, EtOH, and grain alcohol. Ethanol is widely produced by processing grains such as corn or starch and sugar crops. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast and different enzymes to turn the grain s starches into alcohol(EPA). A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, basically the same process a whiskey maker would use to make whiskey. Of course, law mandatesRead MoreRenewable Sources of Energy: Ethanol Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pages Ethanol is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid. Other names that ethanol can also be known as include ethyl alcohol, ethyl hydrate, ethyl hydroxide, fermentation alcohol, methylcarbinol, and grain alcohol. The condensed structural formula for ethanol is C2H5OH, and the expanded structural formula is shown in figure 1. This chemical compound belongs to the alcohol function group therefore characterized by the hydroxyl group –OH combined with a carbon atom. Some characteristics of ethanol includeRead More Ethanol as an Alternative Energy Source Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesBiofuels: Ethanol an Alternative Energy Source Abstract In todays society, when someone wants to go to the movies, work, school, library, or mall, they drive to their destination. The average amount of gasoline consumed per year is about 146 gallons in the U.S. (Biofuels for Transportation, p1). Discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline cheap for decades and biofuels were forgotten (Leen, p1). However, with the recent oil prices, along with growing concern of global warming causedRead MoreThe Fuel Of The Ford Motor Company1158 Words   |  5 Pagesalternative fuels such as Ethanol have been discussed a prime alternative to Isooctane, the current fuel choice. Though Ethanol is a viable alternative fuel, especially with the emergence of new 21st century technology, the comparable combustion reaction rates of both Isooctane and Ethanol, as well as the industrial process to produce ethanol as a fuel, may deem it more dangerous and less efficient than the current fuel choice. . In order to produce data of Ethanol and its use in today s automobileRead MoreEthanol : Formula, Structure And Uses Of Ethanol809 Words   |  4 PagesDescription Ethanol is a chemical compound that is present in a lot of things we use on a daily basis, ranging from perfumes, to alcoholic beverages. In this lesson, we will learn more about the formula, structure and uses of ethanol. !!!Ethanol: Formula and Structure Did you know that the red fluid that rises in a thermometer is ethanol? Did you also know that the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages is ethanol? Alcoholic Beverages Thermometer __Ethanol__, also commonly referred toRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Stress On Cell Membranes1394 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturing, for centuries. Alarms have only escalated about the ecological alterations in the recent years of what would be the consequences. Scientists have developed a thorough investigation in search of various man harmful waste that is damaging the environment of watercourses. The cell membranes are the utmost essential organelle that surrounds all living cells. Its purpose is to control what goes in and out of the cells and is accountable for the various other properties of the cells as well. TheRead MoreExpansion Of Ethanol Production On The United States1318 Words   |  6 Pageslaw in 2005, is a mandate that requires renewable fuels, such as corn based ethanol, be blended into transportation fuel (â€Å"Renewable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Ethanol is grain alcohol that can be fermented from many sources, most commonly corn and sugar cane, that is then blended with gasoline (â€Å"Ethanol†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Today, roughly forty percent corn grown in the US is used to produce ethanol, accounting for the crops single largest use. Expansion of ethanol production in the United States has been intended to lower emissions, andRead MoreEthanol and Gas Prices Essays880 Words   |  4 PagesEthanol and Gas Prices Do the gas prices frustrate you every time you pull up to the pump? Gas companies are charging too much for the natural resource that is turned into what we know as gasoline. Gas companies discourage research and new ideas every year. Afraid of losing the market that they have cornered they buy patents. This way the patents will never be used and they still have the market cornered. Ethanol is a much safer and more economical solution to our gas problem. It is cleanerRead MoreThe Effects on theThe Use of Water for the Production of Ethanol1017 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, roughly 40 percent of Texas corn goes to a single cause—ethanol (Texas Corn, 2012). Ethanol is a form of fuel with an alcohol base made by distilling and fermenting corn and other starch-based crops (Fuel Economy, 2009). Ethanol made its debut in the early 1970s, and by the late 1980s, ethanol was beginning to be used for fueling cars (Fuel-testers, 2012). Now in the midst of the green movement of the 2000s, ethanol can be found in over 90 percent of gasoline at public gas stations (Fuel-testers

Gender and Racial Issues Free Essays

string(55) " the former manifests as the foundation of the latter\." The main character in the novel Ti-Jeanne had been trying to avoid Rudy, a man who apparently have a child with her. The relationship of both characters from the past towards the present has actually displayed the different issues that gender differences are subjected to right now. Women are likely understood by the human society as the weaker vessel in the human community. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Racial Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most often than not, this fact has made it easier for the society to present women as the gender division in the society that comes only as the second important group of population in the human community. Today, media is considered to be the most influential matter in the society today. Likely, the said medium of entertainment has directly affected the ways by which people react upon the different norms in the society today including that of the issues regarding gender differences. For this study, the process by which media presents women through movies and television programs shall be discussed with clarity and careful understanding. Considerably, this study shall present the different impacts by which media intends to point out the differences between men and women in the society today. During the 1950’s just after the world war events, women were rather presented in a much traditional manner that made them appear accustomed to the household activities. Their roles during the war years were also presented in a much more radical approach showing that though they were considered weak, they made so much to contribute to the strength of the people who are fighting for the freedom of the human society during the said era in the human society. Ever since that particular era, the role of women in the society had been changing gradually. Likely, the said series of changes had also been shown through media presentations. Aside from that, the advancement of technology towards the modern society has actually made it possible for the presentation of the women population to be more practical and realistic. In the novel of Hopkinson, it could be observed that the women culture has been presented in a rather developing way, whereas a supposed weak individual who is faced with all the necessary adjustments that needs to be dealt with in becoming more familiar with a new community gains power through confidence. On Racial Differences The entire reading in the said book could be separated within four particular sections that present the major focused thoughts of the authors of the said material. The said divisions are as follows: †¢ Each individual is rightfully disposed to have his or her own thinking with regards a certain issue in the society. The differences of the people make it easier for each person to see the importance of the said right towards each individual. The opinion of each person is particularly a reflection of his or her own experiences in life. †¢ As for this matter it could be observed that the election of the American society is divided in several ways that the opinions of people with regards who the rightful person to rule the nation wins the position of the most important authority who would have power over the different authorities of the nation altogether. †¢ In terms of several social issues, it could be observed that the American society have different opinions altogether that coming up with a single acceptable opinionated view about several matters is a certain sort of clash of ideas between individuals. †¢ Political issues in the American society appear to be among the largest element of diversity of the said community of different individuals. The background of each person and their wants as well shapes their decision in taking part in the society’s political standing today. †¢ Aggressiveness of the people towards having the best kind of government available is something that needs to be strongly identified by each individual who are taking part in the electoral practices at present. Constantly considering the differences of the individuals and giving them the rightful attention that they are due regardless of their race or their color may not be that easy to apply through this particular process of equalizing the social system. This is especially true when it comes to understanding the situation in a normalizing manner. Actual application of being fair to everyone regardless of their racial division is not an easy task to accomplish. Through the attention given to the needs of everyone else in the population of people concerned in the situation, it could be noted that the main aim of the system is to make equalizing programs work for serving the best values of the individuals concerned (Wyle, 2003). People are likely to be divided because of their cultural beliefs. This likely involves the importance of the major consideration given to the cultural diversity of each individual from the others who are present in a certain institution. Seeing them as persons having the same level of needs of respect and same demands of attention shall equip the administrational authorities with the rightful skill and capability of handling such cases of differences in terms of race and culture. It should then be realized that deeply understanding the situation through narrowing the elements of effect through identification of human behavior as individuals and not as people divided by race, is the main key towards the successful application of the said proposed program or event. (Wyle, 12) From this outlined summary, it could be observed that the book points out that the diversity of the people today in the American society makes the political status of the said nation rather aggressive and progressive in several important ways. Further Implications of the Reading The society is mainly composed of many different individuals each having their own characteristics, social background, and cultural affinity producing diversity among the people. The unique personal characteristics of each individual radiates in the formation and development of the society as the former manifests as the foundation of the latter. You read "Gender and Racial Issues" in category "Papers" As people compose the society, their unique and personal characteristics affect the formation and development of it including the differences in most major social factors and concepts. Included in this is the issue of race and social ethnicity. Race is mainly defined as the social characteristics localized within a certain social group that is shared through both biological characteristics and regional factor. Among the commonly included characteristics in this concept are the shared physical features in a certain social group such as color of skin and others. The concept of race is commonly used as the background factor in the personal identity of each individual. Ethnic background on the other hand plays more on the side of cultural affinity rather than on the physical manifestation. This concept similarly serves as the identity factor for each individual as the ethnic background manifests as the primary link of an individual to his or her roots. On a sociological aspect, ethnic relations are formal and mandatory as associated with the birthright of an individual though the relationship of the subject with his or her ethnic background on a cultural aspect is viable wherein he or she can choose to deviate from it and affiliate him or herself to other cultural groups. Indeed, the concept of race and ethnic background serves as the anthropological factor determining the roots and family background of the involved subject. Another important factor associated with the concept of race and ethnic background is the issue of inequality and discrimination. Social groups are mainly formed through the unison and association of different unique individuals sharing a common factor, which can be of regional location, physical characteristics, blood relationship and cultural background. The people sharing a similar denominator established themselves together as a single social group with their own cultural identity. However, on a general sociological perspective, each social group based on race and ethnic background manifests to be a unique unit in the larger context. As the social race opens their group to the larger social aspect, issues of differences pertaining to their cultural issues, shared physical appearance, and anthropological factor as now brought up into the context (Rothenberg, 2001). As influenced by these issues, aspects of discrimination and social inferiority play now in the picture wherein the social groups in the general society are now segregated among the superior and inferior ones. The issue of discrimination in the sociological context is always based on a certain factor causing the said mentality or personal perspective. Commonly in the present society, physical appearance and cultural differences are the main fuels that affect the discriminative view towards the other social groups classifying the superior from the inferior class. Indeed, the issue of race and ethnic factor becomes the basis for the segregation and discrimination in the people wherein the established inferior unit becomes oppressed compared by the superior class. This often manifests in the course of the development of each social groups in several aspects. An example of this concept is the racial discrimination that is dominant in the American society segregating the groups of the whites and the blacks wherein the former are considered superior than the later (Rothenberg, 2001). This discrimination often manifests in the several important social institutions such as the employment sector wherein most blacks are not qualified to be hired for higher executive positions because of their racial background. Another is the racial harassment that the blacks are receiving from most white factions who wants to further undermine and take advantage of the inferiority of the black people. However, this issue of discrimination is not based of the common connoted definition of the concept of race, which is through skin color. Instead, the real significant roots of the discriminative behavior within this society manifests to be from the anthropological and historical relationship of the two social groups namely the period of the slavery of the blacks and the social impression this has left on the mentality of the people. Indeed, the blacks were once victim of the physical oppression of slavery from the white people and this historical period has left a cultural and sociological scar on the impression of their race (Rothenberg, 2001). As these people are victimized and oppressed, their once status in the society still influence the perspective of the people in the present which comes in conflict with the pride and status of the other social groups. Because they were once slaves, other social groups do not want to be mixed and be on the same level with the black people thus, their cultural perspective develops to undermine the capacity and capabilities of the black people to hinder their equal social ascension (Rothenberg, 2001). This concept is widely prevailing in the present and most oppressed social minorities are still fighting their way against this discriminative behavior. Other oppressed social groups are those who are foreign to the land of the dominant race wherein the former were viewed to be inferior compare to the later. Victims of these views are the Hispanics, Irish, and other immigrants and refugees in the American society (Rothenberg, 2001). The dominant race allowed the intrusion of the foreign social group however, a demarcation line must still be implemented wherein the dominant will stay to be the superior in most social institutions and fields. This in part, manifested to have an oppressive effect on the minority faction wherein the superior class hinders their development and integration in the general society. Indeed, the issue of racial discrimination is not mainly attributed to the racial, ethnic and social differences of the involved parties but on the unresolved conflicts and issues between the involved social groups. Indeed, racial perception is not on the significance of the color of skin or cultural practice but on the personal perception and view of the people looking into the context. Indeed, the issue of racial discrimination is laid not on\biological and sociological inferiority complex but instead on the concept regarding the social development between the two social groups. Because of this, the issue of racial discrimination indeed becomes illogical and unethical as something occurred in the past is not applicable on the present context. Instead, the discriminated social groups must be entitled to social affirmative actions as part of the assistance to the development and reintegration of the oppressed social groups. Instead of discriminating the oppressed social groups, social minorities must instead be assisted in their integration and association in the general social context to achieve a positive social status for both the involved social groups. Overall Reaction From the reading that has been presented herein, it could be noted that the people of the American society are indeed much directly concerned of the ways by which their thoughts and opinions are given high regard by the major sources of power in the nation, particularly that of the political sectors of the society. Form this particular learning, it is undeniable that the truth behind the importance of diversity indeed affects the progress of the entire country as one nations standing for further progress in the future. Reference: Brown Girl in the Ring, Nalo Hopkinson, Warner Aspect, 1998, 250 pp. How to cite Gender and Racial Issues, Papers

Career Goals Post Completion of Program In Business Administration

Question: Describe about the Career Goals Post Completion Of Program In Business Administration? Answer: Since my childhood I have been told to find out what I like then make a carrier into it. Few years ago, keeping in mind with this philosophy, I set out to find out what is that I like to do. Before that I thought of entering in the institute I had realized that my interest lies in Accounting Domain. Though I dont have a long term perspective of my career goals, I have tried to break them down into a series of short term goals. My present goal as of today is to safeguard an admission into Business Administration in this reputed university. Post successful completion of this Business Administration course my immediate goal is to continue from where I had left, i.e. I want to join a renowned financial and accounting consultancy or a financial institution such as banks at a managerial level. Joining at the managerial position in such an organization will give me the opportunities to interacting with dominant business houses conglomerates. This will help in increasing the real life knowledge base of mine by making me to have better understanding of the weaknesses strengths of the financial and accounting models which are pre-existing. Within next 10 years I see myself to rise through the level of the management to the position of a business partner. After working in the top most rank in one of the leading financial organization for few years, when Ill be confident about myself that I have pertained the required skills knowledge pertaining to all the aspects of an established organization, I would like to get into my own consulting business. The most crucial aspect, during this span of time I would look forward in developing my networks with leading as well as upcoming business organization, so that I can built my client base for later stages. I would like to implement experiment different financial accounting models, and I look to finally develop a business model which will inherent imperfections of the existing business models. This business model will be standardized enough to captive the impact of future technological revolutions, and will be more flexible which can adapt to different financial, cultural structures. Characteristics that I possess which would make me a good fit for my goals According to the self-analysis my strong analytical and mathematics skills will make me good fit for my goals. Being a responsible, steady and a persistent person, whatever I decide to do, I do it with full dedication, honesty and hard work, also my qualities of always being positive, ability to self-encourage and the strength of never giving up in any circumstances will make my career a bright career which will have the ability to achieve the stated goals and will contribute to my future accomplishments. Reasons for Opting Business Administration Program With the set plans and objective in mind to develop my currier in finance, I have full confidence on myself that this is the right time for me to pursue course in Business Administration. My prior work experience during my internship with the leading financial consultants i.e., Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA Ltd have helped me in developing problem solving analytical skills, as well as team building and team work skills. As one of the trainee member of a team, I was able to contribute to the team in many ways such as managing to complete multiple requests in a shorter turnaround time with 100% accuracy, gathering useful information from client sources, calculating the data, maintaining data base and presenting the collected information in a presentable format to the clients, working on these tasks helped me in strengthening my own foundation of knowledge to be used as a resource. The most satisfying observation made by me during these internships was that I was able to find out solutions for those problems which everyone was not able to find by using my strengths i.e. my mathematics and analytical skills. Now when I have these difficult skills in place, I want to work more on developing the management skills which are very important and useful to fulfil my short term long term objectives and aspirations. These skills may include all the successful techniques of managing running a business. By securing the admission in your reputed university, I would be able to gain both the practical theoretical exposure in the world financial and accounting centres. Ill be able to gain deeper insight of management concepts and will be able to apply the learned concepts to the real life situation during my course of job. I want to learn how to make use of my strengths to become an effective leader, this course in Business Administration will guide me in developing my managerial and leadership skills by bringing balance of compassion power. I want to develop more effective team building skills which in future makes my team listen to me and carry out their directions; also my team could build trust on me. I want to learn this balance by pursuing business administration course in your reputed university, in this way Ill be able to lead a team of people and achieve the goals of the organization where in Ill work. Moreover, in 21st century an effective manager should be well-versed in international business. Though, I have certain international exposure in my past roles, however I know there is big scope of improvements learning required before I can fulfil my dream of having my own finance accountancy consulting business. The Business Administration program in the university in international business would assist me to boost my knowledge in this area. My professional experiences will help me in learning great things which will lead me in reaching my aggressive professional objectives. I know that Ill maintain the same hard work dedication which is required to achieve even bigger goals in next 10 years. The past diversified experiences have prepared me well to receive education from your university. And a Business Administration program from a reputed university will no doubt help me in reaching the goals and dreams.

Taoism And Buddism Essays - Taoism, Reincarnation, Shabda

Taoism And Buddism Taoism and Buddhism are the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. Taoism began the sixth century BCE. And Buddhism came to China from India around the second century of the Common Era. These two religions have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one die is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Reincarnations, life after death, and beliefs are not standardized. Each religion has a different way of applying this concept to its beliefs. This paper will discuss the reincarnation concepts as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism, and then provide a comparison of both. Taoism The goal in Taoism is to achieve Tao, to find ?the Way?. Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything in it. Tao is sometimes identified as ?the Mother?, or the source of all things. That source is not a god or a Supreme Being, as Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead to come into harmony with Tao. Tao is the essence of everything that is right, and complications exist only because people choose to complicate their own lives. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as hindrances to a harmonious life. One can only achieve Tao if he rids himself of all desires. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is able to concentrate on the self. The longer the person's life, the more saintly the person is presumed to become. Eventually the hope is to become immortal, to achieve Tao, to reach the deeper life. This is the after life for a Taoist, to be in harmony with the universe, and to have achieved Tao. The origin of the word Tao can explain the relationship between life, and the Taoism concept of life and death. The Chinese character for Tao is a combination of two characters that represent the words as head and foot. The character for foot represents the idea of a person's direction or path. The character for head represents the idea of conscious choice. The character for head also suggests a beginning, and foot, an ending. Thus the character for Tao also conveys the continuing course of the universe, the circle of heaven and earth. Finally, the character for Tao represents the Taoist idea that the eternal Tao is both moving and unmoving. The head in the character means the beginning, the source of all things, or Tao itself, which never moves or changes; the foot is the movement on the path. Taoism upholds the belief in the survival of the spirit after death. Taoist believes birth is not a beginning, and death is not an end. There is an existence without limit. There is continuity without a starting point. Applying reincarnation theory to Taoism is the belief that the soul never dies, a person's soul is eternal. In the writings of the Lao-Tzu Te-Tao Ching, Tao is described as having existed before heaven and earth. Tao is formless, it stands alone without change and reaches everywhere without harm. The Taoist is told to use the light that is inside to revert to the natural clearness of sight. By divesting oneself of all external distractions and desires, only then can one achieve Tao. In ancient days a Taoist that had transcended birth and death, achieved Tao, was said to have cut the Thread of Life. In Taoism, the soul or spirit does not die at death. The soul is not reborn, it simply migrates to another life. This process, the Taoist version of reincarnation, is repeated until Tao is achieved. The following translation from the Lao-Tzu Te-Tao Ching summarizes the theory behind Tao and how a Taoist can achieve Tao. The Great Tao flows everywhere. It may go left or right. All things depend on it for life, and it does not turn away from them. It accomplishes its task, but dies not claim credit for it. It clothes

Free Essays on Madness Of Ophelia

The Madness of Ophelia In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, each character tends to stand out in different ways. Ophelia’s character shows the reader that she is weak through the complete male dominance in her thoughts and actions. Ophelia’s madness is a result of many factors: her inability to stand up for her self, Hamlet’s cruel treatment, and the death of her father. Ophelia is influenced and controlled by those around her. This is evident in Act I when Laertes tells her to be wary of Hamlet and his intentions. When he speaks with Ophelia he warns her â€Å"best safety lies in fear† (1.3.43.) Ophelia responds to her brother by telling him she will keep his advice â€Å"as watchman to my heart† (1.3.46.) In this scene Ophelia takes her brother’s advice without an argument. When Polonius enters, he begins where Laertes left off. Polonius orders her not to see Hamlet any more, to which Ophelia responds, â€Å"I shall, obey my Lord† [1.3.135.] It is evident in this scene that Laertes and Polonius command her to do things that she does not agree with, but she does them with no argument. Afraid to stand up for herself, she stands back and watches everyone else control her life. â€Å"Motherless and completely circumscribed by the men around her, Ophelia has been shaped to conform to external demands, to reflect others' desi res† (Dane). Here Dane suggests that Ophelia has no motherly influence and is controlled by the men in her life. She is molded to please others’ wishes. Another instance of her being told what to do is when she agrees to speak with Hamlet. She returns all his gifts to help prove Polonius’ suspicion that Hamlet is mad for Ophelia’s love. It is obvious throughout the play that Ophelia is ordered around by Laertes and Polonius, and obeys them without a moment's thought. Polonius and Laertes act as though she has no mind of her own, but she listens and does as they wish,... Free Essays on Madness Of Ophelia Free Essays on Madness Of Ophelia The Madness of Ophelia In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, each character tends to stand out in different ways. Ophelia’s character shows the reader that she is weak through the complete male dominance in her thoughts and actions. Ophelia’s madness is a result of many factors: her inability to stand up for her self, Hamlet’s cruel treatment, and the death of her father. Ophelia is influenced and controlled by those around her. This is evident in Act I when Laertes tells her to be wary of Hamlet and his intentions. When he speaks with Ophelia he warns her â€Å"best safety lies in fear† (1.3.43.) Ophelia responds to her brother by telling him she will keep his advice â€Å"as watchman to my heart† (1.3.46.) In this scene Ophelia takes her brother’s advice without an argument. When Polonius enters, he begins where Laertes left off. Polonius orders her not to see Hamlet any more, to which Ophelia responds, â€Å"I shall, obey my Lord† [1.3.135.] It is evident in this scene that Laertes and Polonius command her to do things that she does not agree with, but she does them with no argument. Afraid to stand up for herself, she stands back and watches everyone else control her life. â€Å"Motherless and completely circumscribed by the men around her, Ophelia has been shaped to conform to external demands, to reflect others' desi res† (Dane). Here Dane suggests that Ophelia has no motherly influence and is controlled by the men in her life. She is molded to please others’ wishes. Another instance of her being told what to do is when she agrees to speak with Hamlet. She returns all his gifts to help prove Polonius’ suspicion that Hamlet is mad for Ophelia’s love. It is obvious throughout the play that Ophelia is ordered around by Laertes and Polonius, and obeys them without a moment's thought. Polonius and Laertes act as though she has no mind of her own, but she listens and does as they wish,...

Groundhog Day Statistics

Groundhog Day Statistics Every February 2, tens of thousands of people gather in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania to celebrate Groundhog Day. On this date the groundhog Punxsutawney Phil - that seer of seers and prognosticator of prognosticators - emerges from his burrow in a hollowed out tree stump at Gobbler‘s Knob. Legend has it that if he sees his shadow, the there will be six more weeks of winter. And if not, then there will be an early spring. Phil’s forecasts are spoken in Groundhogese to a member of the Inner Circle. This group of Puxatany notables not only translates Phil’s forecast into English, they are also responsible for the care and feeding of Phil throughout the rest of the year. This tradition is said to have started in 1887, and has grown in popularity in the years since. The groundhog‘s popularity was given an even greater boost following the release of the 1993 Bill Murray movie Groundhog Day. The origins of Groundhog Day come from the Christian celebration of Candlemas. This day, corresponding to 40 days after Christmas, celebrates the day the infant Jesus was presented in the Jewish Temple. February 2 also marks the midpoint of the coldest temperatures in the northern hemisphere. Historically a rule of thumb stated that in order to have enough food for livestock, farmers should have half of their stored provisions remaining on Candlemas day. Little to none of this remains in the modern day celebration of Groundhog Day. What follows is a collection of forecasts from Groundhog Days of years past, according to Punxsutawneys official Groundhog Club. Year Result 1887 Saw Shadow 1888 Saw Shadow 1889 No Record 1890 No Shadow 1891 No Record 1892 No Record 1893 No Record 1894 No Record 1895 No Record 1896 No Record 1897 No Record 1898 Saw Shadow 1899 No Record 1900 Saw Shadow 1901 Saw Shadow 1902 No Shadow 1903 Saw Shadow 1904 Saw Shadow 1905 Saw Shadow 1906 Saw Shadow 1907 Saw Shadow 1908 Saw Shadow 1909 Saw Shadow 1910 Saw Shadow 1911 Saw Shadow 1912 Saw Shadow 1913 Saw Shadow 1914 Saw Shadow 1915 Saw Shadow 1916 Saw Shadow 1917 Saw Shadow 1918 Saw Shadow 1919 Saw Shadow 1920 Saw Shadow 1921 Saw Shadow 1922 Saw Shadow 1923 Saw Shadow 1924 Saw Shadow 1925 Saw Shadow 1926 Saw Shadow 1927 Saw Shadow 1928 Saw Shadow 1929 Saw Shadow 1930 Saw Shadow 1931 Saw Shadow 1932 Saw Shadow 1933 Saw Shadow 1934 No Shadow 1935 Saw Shadow 1936 Saw Shadow 1937 Saw Shadow 1938 Saw Shadow 1939 Saw Shadow 1940 Saw Shadow 1941 Saw Shadow 1942 Partial Shadow 1943 No Appearance by Groundhog 1944 Saw Shadow 1945 Saw Shadow 1946 Saw Shadow 1947 Saw Shadow 1948 Saw Shadow 1949 Saw Shadow 1950 No Shadow 1951 Saw Shadow 1952 Saw Shadow 1953 Saw Shadow 1954 Saw Shadow 1955 Saw Shadow 1956 Saw Shadow 1957 Saw Shadow 1958 Saw Shadow 1959 Saw Shadow 1960 Saw Shadow 1961 Saw Shadow 1962 Saw Shadow 1963 Saw Shadow 1964 Saw Shadow 1965 Saw Shadow 1966 Saw Shadow 1967 Saw Shadow 1968 Saw Shadow 1969 Saw Shadow 1970 No Shadow 1971 Saw Shadow 1972 Saw Shadow 1973 Saw Shadow 1974 Saw Shadow 1975 No Shadow 1976 Saw Shadow 1977 Saw Shadow 1978 Saw Shadow 1979 Saw Shadow 1980 Saw Shadow 1981 Saw Shadow 1982 Saw Shadow 1983 No Shadow 1984 Saw Shadow 1985 Saw Shadow 1986 No Shadow 1987 Saw Shadow 1988 No Shadow 1989 Saw Shadow 1990 No Shadow 1991 Saw Shadow 1992 Saw Shadow 1993 Saw Shadow 1994 Saw Shadow 1995 No Shadow 1996 Saw Shadow 1997 No Shadow 1998 Saw Shadow 1999 No Shadow 2000 Saw Shadow 2001 Saw Shadow 2002 Saw Shadow 2003 Saw Shadow 2004 Saw Shadow 2005 Saw Shadow 2006 Saw Shadow 2007 No Shadow 2008 Saw Shadow 2009 Saw Shadow 2010 Saw Shadow 2011 No Shadow 2012 Saw Shadow 2013 No Shadow 2014 Saw Shadow 2015 Saw Shadow 2016 No Shadow

Fallacious Arguments and Psychological Tactics Essay

Fallacious Arguments and Psychological Tactics - Essay Example A quote used in the article is â€Å"The UK is now ahead of many of its international rivals when it comes to cutting employment and creating jobs† (Gye, 2013). However, obviously being ahead of one’s rivals in the international scene is not necessarily just due to lowered unemployment rates. Another hyperbole is the statement â€Å"This is unlike anything seen in this country since the Second World War† (Gye, 2013). However, it is impossible that there has not been any other good thing that happened in Britain from 1945 to 2014. The author also tries to euphemize the unemployment of the youth: â€Å"Youth unemployment has risen yet again, back towards the million mark [so Britain’s response is] an industrial back-to-work program to match the crisis we face† (Gye, 2013). Therefore, it seems so convenient to think that just because there is a proposed solution, then the problem is already solved. One of the psychological tactics employed by the author is mentioning that more and more young people are actually becoming unemployed. However, aside from the fact that the author makes a headcount of around 1,000,000 for the unemployed youth, his data on the 29.73 million who have jobs include those aged 16 to 64 (Gye, 2013). Thus, it is not clear where the 1,000,000 figure is coming from, as it couldn’t be that the same youth from the age of 16 and above who are among the 29.73 million employed are the same people who are among the 1,000,000 unemployed. Thus, there is not only something missing here but something amiss. Lastly, there is the fallacy of non sequitur for it does not follow that â€Å"the UK is now ahead of many of its international rivals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  merely because the illustrations indicate that â€Å"even though wages have been rising, in recent years prices have been rising at a faster rate† (Gye, 2013). Thus, there is actually nothing good about being employed if the salary is merely good enough to make

Russian Culture and Civilization under the Tsars Essay

Russian Culture and Civilization under the Tsars - Essay Example Each banner also has a cross on the support pole, again lending to a religious cause. The flags seem to symbolize peace in their beliefs, which is odd given the battle. Some figures do not carry banners; one holds a decorated wooden cross with rounded edges and a representation of Christ being crucified painted or etched into it. Another carries a flag with a representation of Christ on it, the white of the flag surrounded by unreadable red lettering. The back half of the flag is missing and aflame; it is burning in the hands of the carrier. One man in the back, behind the leading line of religious figures, holds a large bound book that may be a Bible, though there is no title on the cover. Another carries a lit candle, while at the other end of the religious figures, a woman holds a two-colored lamp of green and gold that is decorated with crosses on top, signifying her support for the religious cause behind this battle. The ages of those dressed in robes varies; a man with white ha ir and long beard stands facing the battling soldiers, holding a sword with determination and sadness in his eyes, but he does not actively attack. Some figures have elaborate gold embellishment on their robes, while others are clad in simple robes of white or light colors only. Others, as well, grown men of middle age, hold their own banners and flags or candles and look on with expressions of sadness and dismay, as though to say that they believe in their cause, but they worry and pray for the souls that will be lost. All the figures carrying religious banners or items appear to look alike, with their dark hair in the same style, as well as their facial hair, also all in the same style. Towards the back of the religious line, there is an older religious man with a cap, clad in blue; his expression is unreadable. An almost ethereal, heavenly glow appears to surround the persons that wear robes. In the front attacking line, a youthful boy clad all in white with no weapon in hand has an expression on his face of one that is in pain. This is most likely due to the soldier standing in front of him with his sword raised high, ready to strike; however, there is an absence of blood on the youth or the ground. The flag support being carried by the soldier closest to the walls has been broken, the sharp jagged ends sticking out. The flag itself is of a bright orange-red color with a white bird on it, possibly a dove or some other animal that is symbolized in religious writings. As with the banners, the flag has what appears to be a religious â€Å"figure† on top of the pole, cast in metal. The soldiers at the front of the walls are actively attacking the opposing army, with expressions ranging from fear to frenzied rage. All wield axes and strike with fury and vengeance. The soldiers look polished and clean, ready for battle. Others lie dead on the ground, their expressions ones of peace and serenity. All are clad in the same uniform with very slight difference in the attacking army uniforms vs. the opposing army; one must look carefully at the helmets to see that one is different from another. It is clear, however, from the expressions on some of the soldiers’ faces that they did not expect the strength or ferocity of the attackers to be so violent; their shock, fear, and horror are almost palpable. Some figures do not belong to either the religious group or the soldiers. Perhaps

The Most Awesome Day in My Life Essay Example for Free

The Most Awesome Day in My Life Essay While sitting on the loosing bench in San Ignacio Town feeling like a dog that was dis-owned by owner after we lost our volleyball game to the most outstanding team of the day, my life just gat brightened in a split second like a lightning striking some energy into to me when I saw the most beautiful woman I have ever seen in my life. My eyes glued to her as she was slowly walking in my direction with a pair of long legs that lead straight to heaven and walking as if she was going up for miss universe. My jaws fell to the ground as I starred on her like I have never seen a woman before, she moved very elegantly and the way she moved while I was staring at her a second felt like a hour wile looking at this priceless prized position coming my way. She stood five feet nine inches off the ground with long, beautiful and smooth hair resembling a horse’s tail while covered with in flawless smooth silk for skin. Her eyes were like looking into two diamonds as they slowly moved around as she moved elegantly to buy her soda. It felt like everything and everyone around me froze for that moment to just acknowledge her presence as was slowly approaching. Her narrow smooth face that was decorated with a sharp nose, pretty pink lips that look like strawberry and a perfect set of teeth that would have any dentist dying to get his hands on them glittered as she slightly spread her lips to smile and her set of pearls in her mouth glittered. The skin on her face was so pretty and clean it was like if they were allergic to zits. She gat a bit closer to me and I tried to stand up to greet her the time of the day but I couldn’t because my knees felt so weak and was shaking like leaf I couldn’t have done nothing but sit there. She took a few more steps closer and my heart was pounding as if she was walking on them.

Protagonists Montresor and Fortunato in Poes The Cask Of Amontillado E

Protagonists Montresor and Fortunato in Poe's The Cask Of Amontillado Poe's story "The Cask Of Amontillado" introduces two protagonists, Montresor and Fortunato who were friends. The encounters the two men had was hatred and revenge that turned to murder on the behalf of Montressor. The encounter for Fortunato was the appearance of his naivety but he encountered a deadly consequence. Montressor was an angry but proud man who felt that the was wronged. His "vowed revenge"(Sipiora 240) was made and the execution was implimented in the catacomb vault of his home. Montressor's deep hatred for Fortunato was due to Montressor's feeling of deprivation of being "rich, respected, admired, beloved, you are happy, as I once was"(Sipiora 241-242). He was also envious of Fortunato's being a wine connisseur that readily bought wine whenever he wanted as well as being a member of mason. Montressor considered himself a "skillful"(Sipiora 240)connisseur and "bought whenever he could"(Sipiora 240). Yet, Montressor felt Fortunato was "resposnsible for his loss of status, happiness, love and res...

All Hallows Eve Analysis

â€Å"All Hallows Eve† is a fictional novel by Vivian Vande Velde. With the genre based on horror, this book is a series of thirteen short stories assembled together to form a perfect scary book. Though it may not seem scary during the daytime, this book is sure to chill you to the bone when you read it alone on the night of Halloween. Describing witches, zombies, vampires, and werewolves, this novel is great to read to get into the Halloween spirit! Starting off with the intro story â€Å"Come in and Rest a Spell,† this story has a catchy beginning and end. The stories in this novel all deal with events and scary experiences occurring on Halloween- the night where it's said that gruesome spirits come back to haunt people on Earth for just one night. While some stories describe haunted farms with murderous spirits running loose, others tell the story of pranks that lead to discovering horrible secrets and field trips to cemeteries where bodies seem to move. And as more and more stories are read, readers find this novel also describes deceased and lost spirits that come back every Halloween, and a fortune teller that tells five friends terrible fates waiting for them. There is also the story of a friendship that, though it seemed real, ended up with one friend killing the other and a story on family that resulted in finding out the terrible truth behind the costumes. And as previously mentioned, it's also about witches casting wicked spells; and zombies, vampires, and werewolves terrorizing all on the night of Hallows Eve. One story in this novel that I especially found interesting was about a girl who lived out in the countryside and it was Halloween night. Ashley was a 16-year-old girl, and she was fixing up a murder scene in a barn. Every year the Cristanis Family Farm would hire kids to decorate the farm for Halloween and have drive-ins of tractors from neighboring farms to see the scary show. Of course tractors had to pay to get in and that's the main reason why the owner of the farm held this event. But another reason why all the other farms had urged for the Cristanis Family Farm to serve as the Halloween drive-in barn was because of the haunted background of the farm. Before the Cristanis family had bought the farm, the place was originally owned by Morgan Roehmar- a so called serial killer who was not only found to have killed about a half dozen boys but girls also. But the scary thing is that the police never found the body of Roehmar himself. It was rumored that Roehmar killed himself after his girlfriend betrayed him and told the police of the horrible smell of the dead bodies in his barn. Soon the farm was rumored as haunted after Roehmar had died and it stayed empty for centuries until the Cristanis family bought it. But now as Ashley is setting up the barn, a sound comes from one of the corners of the huge barn and soon the lights flash out. What seems so harmless a ghost comes up to her and chokes Ashley to death. This book was scary to read at night, when you're alone, and I think it serves as a good book to read for Halloween. Though it definitely was not the scariest book I've read, it keeps you scared for the moment while reading it. The stories were original and some were really scary like the story I've mentioned above, and it was a good read. Though I've never really realized it till now- one of my favorite genres when reading books is horror. I like the usual scary book and especially scary movie to read and watch at night. Though I didn't read this book on the night of Halloween- but the night before Halloween, it still was fun to read and I recommend it to readers of all ages to read the night on/before Halloween. Though this book was scary at some parts, I think the author could've done a better job writing some of the stories like the one about a 15-year-old girl who looks for her real parents. The short story is titled â€Å"My Real Mother† and it's about a girl named Evelyn who is an adopted girl that has always wondered on finding her adopted parents, like all adopted children do, and Evelyn finds her parent's address by using the adoption papers and the internet. But when she arrives to her parents' house on Halloween night dressed up as a princess, things go wrong after she tells her parents that she's their daughter. The parents, it turns out, are vampires, that can't use her blood since she's related and they kick her back out of their house and Evelyn has to go back home. It takes a series of only five minutes for the encounter between Evelyn and her parents to happen and I just think the author could've done more to the scene, or at least have made it scarier than it seemed. But this novel was still good to read and it was okay.

How Has the Globalization of Markets and Production Benefitted Ikea?

How has the globalization of markets and production benefitted IKEA? Globalization as we know it is the phenomenon of the world economies becoming reliant and integrated with one another. This is otherwise known as the trend characterized by denationalization where the world now becomes a global marketplace. IKEA is recognized to be a globalized brand with the ability to spread their own culture and values to over 300 stores in over 38 countries. The globalization of market refers to the merging of taste and preferences of consumers from all around the world resulting in an emergence of a single global marketplace.IKEA has thus used this occurrence to their advantage by shaping their business model to emphasize on standardization, customization and functionality. IKEA’s motto â€Å" One design suits all† is a simple yet effective business model that has helped them cater to all the diverse markets around the world today. In general IKEA products are standardized across markets and have high functionality that cater to the needs of people in every country. IKEA also functions on the principle of offering furniture at low and affordable prices.Despite its low costs, products are still of high quality due to the ability to mass produce their products. Similar to Macdonaldization, IKEA has been able to answer to the uniform taste of consumers in todays society and at the same time spread its own culture identity internationally. IKEA only uses different marketing and advertising strategies for their various markets to better cater to the local consumers. Globalization of production refers to the outsourcing of raw goods and services to other locations around the world in order to maximize quality and minimize costs of various factors of production.In the case of IKEA, due to the high levels of standardization in all their products they are able to manufacture products in bulk and thus enjoy the cost savings from the economies of scale. This way, cost of production is kept low and goods are always efficiently produced. Furthermore, IKEA is also known to use a unique supply chain strategy where they outsource productions of product/furniture parts to low cost developing countries located nearby their store locations (e. . China, India). From this, IKEA is also able to establish good relations with local suppliers in many locations to negotiate mutually beneficial contracts to get high quality products at lower costs. This method of merging intercultural communication into their business model allows IKEA overcome potential problems and succeed in globalizing their production. At the same time this also helps IKEA drive local competition out of their way.

The role of trauma in the development of dissociative disord essays

The role of trauma in the development of dissociative disord essays The role of trauma in the development of dissociative disorders. Dissociative Disorders are characterized by persistent maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity. A person with a dissociative disorder may forget details about the past, they may wander away and forget how they got to where they are, or in very extreme cases, multiple personalities may exist. Trauma is an event that involves actual or threatened death, injury, or abuse. Traumatic stress is the result, leaving the person feeling helpless, frightened, and anxious. Trauma is also a link between dissociative disorders and Traumatic Stress Disorders. The role of trauma in the development of dissociative disorders shows us that it is a core issue. Without the trauma, there would be no traumatic or dissociative disorders. Dissociative fuge and dissociative amnesia are commonly brought on by a traumatic event. Dissociative fuge is rare disorder characterized by unplanned and sudden travel. The person cannot remember details of their past and experience identity confusion or even assume a new identity. Dissociative amnesia is a sudden inability to recall important information that exceeds normal forgetfulness. If response to the trauma is sudden and clear, dissociative amnesia and fuge patients usually recover fully, where psychological functions return to normal. If the onset of response to the trauma is gradual and not clear, recovery is less certain. Depersonalization Disorder is another disorder that is resulted in by a disturbing or traumatic event. It is characterized by a person feeling as if they are detached, or apart from himself or herself. Trauma also has a role in Dissociative Identity Disorder, aka, multiple personality disorder. Dissociative identity disorder is where 2 or more distinct personalities exist in one person. It is linked to trauma from the past and has a slow and uncertain re...

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question - Essay Example In this regard, both the components played a significant role in the provision of computers that are responsible for carrying a number of tasks every day. In order to compare the two components and identify one important out of them is a difficult or maybe an impracticable task, as both are interdependent on each other, and absence of a single component results in the insignificance of the other. In other words, hardware represents physical aspect, whereas, software symbolizes cognitive processes of the computer. In other instance, hardware is the delivery system or delivery carrier, such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, CPU, etc, and on the other hand, software is the framework that facilitates such carrier (Bianco, 2005). Thus, it would be appropriate to say that importance lies in the collaboration, integration, and combination of the two components, rather than in either of them. In personal opinion, hardware came first, which then required software for its application, and software provided a platform to the hardware for its utilization. A major example of software is system software, such as Windows XP, Linux, etc that support specific hardware, and similarly, manufacturers build hardware that specifically support particular system software (Bianco, 2005). In this way, both are interdependent and productive after their combination, and their importance lies in amalgamation. Conclusively, the paper has discussed some of the significant aspects of hardware and software, and attempted to recognize their importance. It is an expectation that the paper will be beneficial for students, teachers, and professionals in better understanding of the

'Mon coeur s'ouvre ta voix' from Saint-Sans' Samson et Dalila Essay

'Mon coeur s'ouvre ta voix' from Saint-Sans' Samson et Dalila - Essay Example The skill to read and understand written music is not dependent of how an individual understands or enjoy the genre but how the composer uses the written words to reveal the meaning or pass the message to the audience. The composer has employed the use of melody in the opera to bring about its smoothness for the audience to listen and enjoy. The rising and lowering of the pitch between each verse regulates its frequency hence the intervals makes it romantic as intended by the composer. The musical instruments used also give the music its melodic range in that they break the tonal variation of the singer thus making the music acquire the medium voice. The tonality of the opera has been organized such that the central tone after every verse brings the audibility. This makes it possible for the audience to hear every word sung by the soloist without straining to get the words. Besides tonal variation in the music, the composer has also used texture to interweave the melodic to harmonize the music structure. The timbre in the song gives a clear distinction for the audience to get the words and message from the song. The composer as employed tis element enlighten the audience as they get to hear every word from the opera. ... Repetition use by the composer for instance in the ending stanza â€Å"Pour out to me the drunkenness!† of each verse in the song has enabled it attract the attention of the audience. It also gives minds satisfaction of the message. The change expected for the audience after listening to this opera gives them that interest to express their feedbacks on how the composition is compared to other songs of the same genre. This sustains audience interest of wanting to listen more and more of the song. The rhythmic pattern of the music is irregular such that the composer had to pause at every stanza to gasp air to enable easy aptitude of the next line in the music. This briefly depicts the emotional nature and feelings of the performer. Hence, emphasis on the note is long and short at some stanzas to let out the accent in rhythm. The tempo of the music is medium since it is emotional and the composer wanted to depict or show much sorrowful the genre is to the performer. This is also accompanied by the perfemer dramatic moves on stage. The use of minimal stage tells the audience that that the feeling in the song is no joke and thus a serious matter, which ought to be put in consideration. The composer in collaboration with people playing the instruments have enabled a constant flow of the instruments hence making the meter of the beats to be in pattern with the words in that the beats are not faster or slower than the words of the soloist as the performance continues on stage. The poetic license employed by the composer in the making of the opera music helps in the syllabic flow of the stanzas hence making the written work singable to any audience. Thus, brings out the thematic concept of the composer to the present audience. The alliteration of the consonant sounds

Globalization Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization Management - Assignment Example The strategies built would be product driven instead of being controlled by customer behavior and response patterns. The article, therefore, seeks to find out if success in the international market must involve development of global products. The key aspects discussed in the paper revolve around the competitive strategy created by global standardization of products. While it sounds like a good idea, the global standardization may be faced by several constraints. In one example, the globalization is hampered by differences in preference, government constraints, transport costs, tariffs and barriers to entry as well as preference of local firms. It is also quite obvious that global standardization becomes effective in a narrow range of products. The strategy may work mainly in marketing of luxury products or products whose penetration rate is similar (Wit & Meyer, 2010). This can only gain application in the developed countries where the needs of the consumers appear uniform in contras t to the developing countries. It is unfortunate that the global standardization is based on assumptions. By assuming that the needs of the customers are homogenous, planners may indulge in deriving wrong conclusions. If needs of the world were homogenous, it would be possible to satisfy the world needs. All countries would thrive at the same level of development since trade would be made easier. This is, however, not the case. The needs of the developing countries vary to a great extent to those of people in the developed counties. This would also imply all goods remain substitutable and hence reduce customer choice. Already, researchers refute the theory on homogeneity on the grounds of different lifestyles and value segments. In the United States alone, nine different value segments appear conspicuous. The assumption that customers are willing to sacrifice certain product aspects in favor of low prices lacks evidence. The trend is contrary. The assumption, that the key strategy d riving global standardization is product technology; which creates economies of scale, fails to take root. It neglects the influence brought about by automation in flexible factories, which allows them to enjoy the same economies of scale, at low outputs. The assumption also fails to take into account that the final price of a product is not determined solely by its cost of production. The assumption also neglects the ideal that competitive strategy should not be wholly product-driven. It should take into account other aspects such as advertisement and promotion. The article is elaborate on exposing the various constraints that impede global standardization. The constraints do not result only from the external environment but also emanate from the internal structure of the organization seeking expansion. It is fascinating to note that the countries advocating globalization on one hand impede it on the other through trade restriction agreements. An example is the existence of the Eur opean steel and Swiss chocolate cartels. It is difficult to comprehend how the global perspective contrasts with the global standardization. The emphasis on standardization leads a reader to believe that the development of global brands is part of a global perspective. Briefing reading 2: strategy from the inside out: building capability-creating organization The article outlines some significant disadvantages associated with following suit of what competitors are doing. This could expose a company to losses since local

Cyber Attacks and Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyber Attacks and Security - Research Paper Example This type of cyber attack constitutes the insertion of a computer virus into the end user’s computer, which will ensure that the information used and stored by the user is monitored. This privacy violation is usually perpetrated with the use of spyware, which is usually undetectable by the end-user of the computer. The spyware is downloaded into the user’s system without express knowledge or authorization, and is later used to gather information about the user. Even though this type of attack is not usually malicious, it is used to gather information about the user; information that is then transmitted to the perpetrator. The main aim of this cyber attack is two-fold; monitoring the general movements and procedures of the intended victim, and copying and transmitting information about the user to the perpetrator. The main benefit derived is usually financial, since the information can be used to access financial data and storage, or can be used by a rival organization t o gather product or financial information about another competitor. The second constituent of cyber attack is usually malicious and intended to cause harm to the targeted victim (Lipson, 2002). For example, the perpetrator of this cyber attack can sue a virus that disable the usability of a computer in a network or the network in its entirety. In this case, a computer virus is introduced via an existing network, and contrary to the first example, is used to disrupt the working of the computer. This can be done through continued spamming of the user, or by causing a crash or denial of service to the user. The usual result of this type of cyber attack is the denial of service to the user, possible loss of time and earnings, and the disruption of normal working procedures by the affected person. The third and worst form of cyber attacks is when it is used by conventional terrorists to achieve their means, for example, when the Internet is used to disrupt the functioning of a countryâ⠂¬â„¢s systems (BNAC, 2007). This is usually done through the disruption of the provision of public services, for example, the use of cyber crime to disrupt the functioning of a power grid. This means that online terrorists use the Internet to weaken the infrastructure of a country by stopping or disrupting the provision of normal services. In this case, a country can be severely weakened if terrorists use a series of attacks to disrupt key parts of the economy, for example, disabling electricity provision, water provision, and the coordination of health systems (Cashell, Jackson, Jickling, and Webel, 2004). Even though these kinds of attacks are rare, countries have taken a number of steps to ensure that they never happen, since it leads to a possibility of completely weakening state systems. In the recent past, there has been an increased call for the government to respond to cyber attacks targeting the country with conventional weapons. The main reasoning behind these calls is th at cyber terrorism qualifies to be called terrorism, and since the government is obligated to prevent terrorism, conventional weapons should be used (GFI, 2011). However, a more reasonable reaction to cyber attacks is based on preventing the future occurrence of the attacks. Many organizations would find it hard to recover from a cyber attack aimed at crippling operations; therefore, it is advisable that these firms avoid the attacks. It is evident that, since cyber attacks are mainly

The Basic Sorting Algorithms Computer Science Essay

The Basic Sorting Algorithms Computer Science Essay In the following scientific report, the basic sorting algorithms will be discussed and examined. Timing will be done on the different sorting algorithms and experiments will be done to see which of the different sorting algorithms are the most efficient. Assumptions will be made on which sorting algorithm is the most efficient and then compare the results to see if the right assumption were made. We will discuss the reasons why each sorting algorithm is efficient and under which conditions are efficient. A brief explanation of each sorting algorithm will be given to get the basic idea what its all about. Then a brief conclusion will be done to round of the scientific report Bubble sort is probably one of the most popular and simple sorting algorithm. It is often used as a programming exercise for beginners because it is relatively easy to grasp and understand. The problem though is that its not very efficient, therefore bubble sort only gets used once in a blue moon. There are more efficient sorting algorithms used in real application and that will be discussed in a later stage. It basically two steps that happen in bubble sort, which are: It compares each pair of adjacent elements from the start of the array and, if they are not in the right order, they get swapped If at least one swap has occurred the you repeat step one until no numbers gets swapped Heres a graphical example how Bubble Sort works. Bubble sort http://www.algolist.net/Al We going to sort an array {5, 1, 12, -5, and 16} using bubble sort. Selection sort just like bubble sort is one of the simplest of the sorting algorithms and it works very well with small files. The concept of this algorithm is quite simple. The array is said to be divided in two parts, a sorted part and an unsorted part. At the beginning the sorted part is empty while the unsorted part is the whole array. At every step the method/algorithm finds the smallest element in the unsorted part of the array and the ads it to the end of the sorted part of the array. When the unsorted part becomes empty the algorithm stops. Insertion Sort just like bubble and Selection is one of the most basic and most common sorting algorithms around. This sorting algorithm is more efficient than the other to because it has fewer comparisons than the other two, but this will be discussed in more detail later on. Think about how you sort a deck of cards. You start from the beginning and work through the deck and as you find cards that arent in the right order you remove them and place it in the right order, and you do the this until all the cards are in the right position and your deck is sorted This is the main idea behind Insertion sort. The Method Insertion sorts breaks up the array in two parts, sorted and unsorted. At the start the sorted part of the array only contains one element. Each step the algorithms runs, it expands the sorted part of the array by one and then places the first element of the unsorted region and places it in the right place in the sorted area. This will carry on till the whole array will be a sorted array. The illustration on the right hand side shows step by step how insertion sort works. Shell sort Shell sort algorithm is one of the eldest sorting algorithms out there and was invented by D.L Shell in 1959[3]. It is quite effective and easy to comprehend. The sorting algorithm follows two standard procedures: 1. It arranges the data into a two dimensional array 2. The columns of the array will then be sorted Once the procedure has been concluded, the resultant data sequence is placed into another two dimensional array, but with less columns. The columns are then sorted and the above procedure is repeated until a single sorted column is leftover [3]. MERGESORT The merge sort algorithm uses divide and conquer approach. The algorithm firstly divides the data sequence into two halves, sorts the two halves and then combines them together to form a sorted set of data sequences. [4] Figure 0-4 http://www.inf.fh-flensburg.de/lang/algorithmen/sortieren/merge/mergen.htm In the above figure it illustrates the basic merge sort process. It starts by dividing the unsorted data sequence a into to unsorted data sequences b and c. The data sequences b and c are then sorted with recursive calls to form b and c. Once the two halves are sorted, they are combined to form a sorted data sequence namely a [4]. Quick sort Quick sort is the fastest sorting algorithm when it comes to large elements in an array. Quick sort has to make use of recursion, because of the way quick sort, sorts the elements. The way quicksort works is that there are three pointers, namely a left, right and pivot pointer, the pivot pointer is the most important one. The Left pivot will point to the most left element in the array and the right to the most right element in the list. For the pivot any number can be chosen, but its normal practice to make the first element your pivot. The steps: Pivot and left pointer points to the 1st element in the list and right to the last element The pivot pointer will now compare the object that its pointing at with the one that the right pivot is pointing at. If the right pointer objects are smaller than the pivot then the two objects swap, it is important to note that the pivot will always point to one number, so if that number moves so does the pivot, the right and left pivot stays in its respectable place. If the right pointer object is not smaller that pivot, the right pivot will just move left until a smaller one is found Once the pivot swaps with the right pivot , the pivot and the right pointer will point to the same object, therefore the right pivot will not move anymore now the left pointer will move one right The left pointer and the pivot will now compare, and it the left pointer object is bigger than the pivot object then it will swap, and the pivot will now join the left pointer. This will then let the right pointer move one left This will carry on until all three pointers point to the same object, this means that the object is in its perfect position, to the left of this object no number will be bigger than it and to the left no number would be smaller. Once it found the first object in its perfect place, it will then move to the left hand side of that object It will follow all the above steps with the left side. Ones the left side is all sorted it will then go to right side of our first perfect number and sort the right hand side with the same procedure (To see a Illustrative example see Appendix A) Sorting Algorithms Figure -Sorting Algorithm Figure 1 above shows us the relationship of time (ms) and the number of objects the sorting algorithm has to sort. There are 5 sorting algorithms measured in this experiment namely Bubble sort, Insertion Sort, Selection Sort, Double Insertion and Double Selection sort. As can be noticed from the graph above s that all five sorting algorithms has the same trend but some just increases more than the other and sometimes by quite a substantial amount. First thing noticeable is that if we sort little objects, lets say less than 2000 objects, then it does not matter what algorithm we use all of them are at about the 0ms mark. Only when we get to about the 10000 objects mark, then only the sorting algorithms really shows who the best is. As we can see from the graph is that Bubble Sort is the least sorting Algorithm and is basically just used to explain the sorting procedure to new comers to the programming language. Bubble selection and Double selection are very similar when it comes to efficiency. The most efficient sorting algorithm by far is the Insertion Sorts. As can be seen by figure 1 Double insertion is the most efficient and it all works on how the sorting algorithm sorts the array which is discussed in the abstract portion of this report. Experimental Procedures What was needed to run the experiment The apparatuses needed for his experiment where a Computer, Visual studio C#, and a user that has been tutored for Sorting algorithms How experiment was executed Code where write for each sorting algorithm in a method in a specific program. A new timing class was created, to have something to time how fast or slow the different sorting algorithms gets sorted. Then the method for each 5 sorting algorithms gets executed and run five times to get an average, to eliminate errors that might have been caused. After all the data has been recorded, a graph was plotted  [1]  . This graph was then evaluated Problems that arise The main problem that happened was, each time the programme ran the results werent always constant. And if the programme was not a dedicated programme (i.e. the only programme running at the time) then the values went haywire. This problem was fixed by forcing the visual studio to run a garbage collector and collect all the garbage, to make sure that when programme runs all the processing power is used for the programme so the times will be more accurate. Conclusion In this report five different sorting algorithms where discussed. Each one was investigated and briefly explained how they work, and why each one is efficient in their own right. As the experiment when on it was noticed that some sorting algorithms are less efficient than others and that had all to do with how each sorting algorithm works. When figure-1 was examined, it was concluded that Bubble sort was the least efficient of the different sorting algorithms and that Double insertion Sort was the most efficient of all the sorting algorithms. From this we can conclude that Bubble sort is best used just to explain or introduce the sorting algorithm to a new student. As soon as you want to have an efficient sorting algorithm the Double will be the best because less time will be spent to sort the objects in the array References http://wiki.answershttp://www.c.happycodings.com/Sorting_Searching/code17.html http://stackoverflow.com/questions/832765/whats-a-bubble-sort http://www.inf.fh-flensburg.de/lang/algorithmen/sortieren/shell/shellen.htm http://www.inf.fh-flensburg.de/lang/algorithmen/sortieren/merge/mergen.htm http://www.algolist.net/Algorithms/Sorting/Bubble_sort http://www.algolist.net/Algorithms/Sorting/Selection_sort http://www.algolist.net/Algorithms/Sorting/Insertion_sort

Terrorism Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives". This definition includes three elements: (1) Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force. (2) The actions are intended to intimidate or coerce. (3) The actions are committed in support of political or social objectives. The main topic here is Terrorism and Foreign Policy. The two terms that are going to be discussed is how the war against terrorism is expanding and how American President George W. Bush misnamed his National Security Strategy. In his State of the Union address, President Bush threatened to expand the war on terrorism to countries that are developing weapons of mass destruction and nations that are â€Å"timid in the face of terror.† The president singled out three nations, North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as the â€Å"axis of evil† and that he might take military action to pre-empt the threat from their weapons of mass destruction. Although such rhetoric may simply be sabre rattling to intimidate those nations, the possibility of an expansion of the war is a real and dangerous possibility. But those three countries hardly constitute an organized alliance against the United States, as did the much more dangerous collaboration among Japan, Germany, and Italy during World War II. In fact, Iran and Iraq hate each other. And despite North Korea’s continued harbouring of a few members of the Japanese Red Army, North Korea has not actively sponsored terrorist attacks in many years. Although North Korea, Iran, and Iraq are developing (or have acquired) weapons of mass destruction, so are many other nations. According to the Pentagon, 12 countries have nuclear weapons programs, 13 nations have biological weapons, 16 countries have chemical weapons and 28 nations have ballistic missiles. Is the president prepared to attack all of those nations? What if North Korea, Iran, or Iraq has already sent intelligence opera tives or terrorists to the United States with weapons of mass destruction to lie in wait in case a strike is needed in retaliation for a U.S. attempt at regime change? Iran or Iraq might do the same to Israel. The fact is that the United States must live with an increasing number of nations that have acquired weapons of mass des... ...tegy promulgated by President Bush in September 2002 does just the opposite. It prescribes a global security strategy based on the false belief that the best and only way to achieve U.S. security is by forcibly creating a better and safer world in America's image. A better approach would be a less interventionist foreign policy. It is too late to stop al Qaeda from targeting America and Americans. The United States must do everything in its power to dismantle the al Qaeda terrorist network worldwide, but the United States must also avoid needlessly making new terrorist enemies or fuelling the flames of virulent anti-American hatred. In the 21st century, the less the United States meddles in the affairs of other countries, the less likely the prospect that America and Americans will be targets for terrorism. In sum, an apparent widening of the current war designed to enhance U.S security could have the opposite effect. http://www.workersparty.org/expanding-war-against-terrorism.html http://www.asiasource.org/asip/bello.cfm http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/bush.speech.txt/index.html http://www.afa.org/magazine/oct1999/1099edit.asp http://www.dsausa.org/news/director.html

Environmental Law in New Zealand

Environmental Law in New Zealand Introduction New Zealand is in an enviable position as it has been able to learn from the mistakes of other nations, however this does not mean disasterous environmental issues cannot arise here. Fortunately New Zealand has well established environmental laws with several legislative statutes and governmental authorities. Following international trends and heightened awareness of environmental issues throughout the years the legislation has become increasingly integrated.Arising from international research and public concern new statutes have also been created the most significant of which is the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Contributing Factors and Benefits Before the RMA, New Zealand environmental law and its administration was similar to that of many other countries, consisting of an assortment of uncoordinated and overlapping statutes, regulations and practices. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Act 1941 was the first of such legisla tive statutes centred on use of the land and resources.Social change in the 1960's spurred awareness of environmental issues in New Zealand with events such as the Save Manapouri Campaign (1959-1972) opposing the development of the hydro-electric scheme planned for Lake Manapouri. During this period several statutes were created, the Nature Conservation Council Act 1962 and the Environment Council in 1970 acknowledging that economic interests can often override environmental concerns.The Save Manapori Campaign culminated in 1972 with a change of government, the newly elected Labour Government set about fulfilling it's election promise of environmental reform creating the Commision for the Environment. The agency later became the Office of the Parliamentary Commisioner for the Environment after the creation of the Environment Act 1986 establishing the Ministry for the Environment. The Department of Conservation, the Ministry of Conservation and Fish and Game were formed shortly after with the implementation of the Conservation Act 1987.In January 1988, Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey announced a comprehensive review of the many environment and resource acts in place, as well as the procedures for assessing environmental effects. This Resource Mangagement Law Review (RMLR) was established to address concerns by environmentalists and Maori who both believed the public lacked access to information and the government had too much power.Along with inadequate protection of resources and little attention to Maori and environmental values in economic decisions. The review was managed by the Ministry for the Environment encompassing Maori ideas of stewardship and sustainability it focused on existing New Zealand resource law and public reaction to deficiencies within those laws. The RMLR was drafted and the subsequent Resource Management Bill was put before parliament but not passed into law before the 1990 general election.The victorious National Party decided to contin ue the process of resource management reform. Minister for the Environment Simon Upton reviewed the bill and to the surprise of many made it greener, changing the bill from its original objective of balancing economics and environment to constraining economical objectives to suit the environment, embracing the approach of sustainable management.Upton addressed parliament on his re-written RMA stating that its purpose was not one of contolling and planning economic activity but one of sustaining, rectifying and mitigating the effects on the use of natural resources. The bill was passed in 1991 and has become the preeminant legislation concerning the management of the environment in New Zealand replacing 69 Acts and 19 regulations, it describes sustainable management as: (1) The purpose of this Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. 2) In this Act, sustainable management means managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physica l resources in a way, or at a rate, which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being and for their health and safety while— (a) sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b) safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystems; and (c) avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment. Ministry for the Environment, 2011). 2011 has also seen a further addition to the RMA and environmental law in New Zealand with the implementation of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). The EPA will perform tasks once performed by the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Environmental Risk Management Authority. International Influences The 1970's was a time of increased international conce rn for the environment, this spawned the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972.Representatives from 113 countries met for the first time to discuss the state of the global environment. The conference culminated with the signing of a declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development, an action plan with 109 recommendations, and a resolution (Baylis ; Smith, 2005). This action is widely seen as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental issues, paving the way for further international collaborations such as the Kyoto Protocol of which New Zealand is a signatory and the World Commission on Environment and Development .The Brundtland Commision previously known as the World Commission on Environment and Development is perhaps the biggest international influence on the creation of the RMA, convened by the United Nations in 1983 the commision focused on the degredation of the environment and natura l resources and the resulting consequences. In 1987 the commision released a report on the matter, titled Our Common Future the report centres on the concept of sustainable development and the political changes required to achieve it.New Zealand's response to the report was that of agreeance, a report consisting of a step-by-step response to 12 areas of concern highlighted by the Commission was submitted to the United Nations General Assembly (McChesney, 1991). The Newly formed Ministry for the Environment was tasked with following up the Brundtland Report which it did by means of RMLR resulting in the RMA in 1991. Role of the RMA in New Zealand The RMA is built on the idea of sustainable resource management, it encourages communities and individuals to become involved in planning for the future environment.The RMA provides the guidelines for how the environment should be managed especially how the environmental effects of our activities should be managed. In accordance with the RMA , regional and district councils are to monitor activities, and respond to complaints about those activities that the public believe are negatively affecting the environment. It is important to realise that the RMA is largely effects based, if the applicant can prove that the effects of the development on the environment are unproblematic, then they may be allowed to continue.The RMA however has not absolved the Conservation Act 1987 and the Environment Act 1986, the authorities created by these Acts such as Fish and Game and the Department of Conservation also play an active part in supporting or appealing resource consents. Any proposed plans to use or develop natural resources that are not permitted by the rules of the RMA require the authorisation of a resource consent from the local council.Five different consents types exist, defined by the RMA as: (a) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 9 or section 13 (in this Act called a land use consent): (b) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 11 (in this Act called a subdivision consent): (c) a consent to do something in a coastal marine area that otherwise would contravene any of sections 12, 14, 15, 15A, and 15B (in this Act called a coastal permit): (d) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 14 (in this Act called a water permit): (e) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 15 (in this Act called a discharge permit). (Ministry for the Environment, 2011). An application must be submitted to the local council containing a description of the planned activity along with an assessment of the effects on the environment. If the activity is not prohibited by the local and regional plan the resource consent will be processed and the application may be publicly notified (not all are publicly notified) whereby anyone can make a submissi on on the application.Organisations such as the Department of Conservation, Fish and Game and Forest and Bird have become key proponents of the submission process, opposing consents that harm flora and fauna. After receipt of all information required from the applicant and subsequent public submissions and public hearings the decision is made. Anyone who has made a submission and is dissatisfied with the outcome can appeal to the Environment Court. The resource consent process (Ministry for the Environment, 2009) The Environment Court previously know as the Planning Tribunal came to fruition in 1996 after ammendments to the RMA (Environment Court, 2007), among other things the court arbitrates RMA appeals.The court hears appeals on resource consent decisions, however it does not review the decision made by local authorities instead it hears any evidence it requires and makes its own decision overriding or upholding the original decision. The court does not belong to the regular New Zealand judicial hierarchy (District, Supreme, High Court) although it carries the powers of a District Court allowing it to enforce the RMA and conduct criminal or civil proceedings. Conclusion Environmental Law in New Zealand has been significantly overhauled throughout the years from barely existent to now having three key pieces of legislation enabling conservation and sustainable management.The RMA is a hugely important perhaps revolutionary piece of legislation, largely focused on the issue of sustainable management, a relatively new concept at the time. Unlike previous legislative statutes the RMA ambitiously incorporates management of the land, air, sea and fresh water into a single piece of legislation. It has effectively decentralised the governments power on the use of natural resources. Local and district authorities now make the decisions themselves following the principle that the decisions should be made closest to the resources affected.References Baylis, J. , & Smit h, S. (2005). The Globalization of World Politics (3rd ed). Oxford University Press, p. 454-455. Environment Court of New Zealand (2007). Environment Court. Retrieved from http://www. justice. govt. nz/courts/environment-court McChesney , I (1991). The Brundtland Report and sustainable development in New Zealand . Centre for Resource Management Lincoln University and University of Canterbury , p. 22. Ministry for the Environment (2009). An Everyday Guide to the Resource Management Act Series 2. 1: Applying for a Resource Consent. Retrieved from http://www. mfe. govt. nz/publications/rma/everyday/consent-apply/ Ministry for the Environment (2011). New Zealand Legislation: Acts. Retrieved from http://www. legislation. govt. nz/act/public/1991/0069/latest/DLM230265. html

Ebonics & Education Essay

The Ebonics controversy in America has developed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more serious concern within the public school system. The complex where the nation’s school systems lower their expectations of black youth to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to refer to African American Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading three grade levels below their white counterparts. For the multiple number of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few have been able to counter the adverse culture that has developed in America as a product of Ebonics being considered a valid dialect. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of one’s education in America. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of our society. It can be argued that a single standard curriculum should be equally implemented and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executive curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the best education our country has to offer in her article Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. She identifies how many believe that private and public sector schools should be merged together, along with their curriculums (2006). She breaks down education into two curriculums, upper class and lower class, or working and executive class. Equalizing the differences between these two forms of education has always been the job of standardized testing. Initially standardized testing in America was used to asses one’s calculative ability. It is now being replaced, starting at the middle school level, with a format that revolves around authentic assessment (Wiggins, 1990). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. The tests are also known to evaluate creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It has been designed to replace traditional standardized testing, which means it eventually will be used in all schools across the nation to identify the intellectual elite. This is considered to be a major advent in education that will counter act the nation’s stigma of low expectations ushered in by the validation of Ebonics. A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partly be credited to those doing the research, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article Striving for Success: A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students’ Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the academic performance of Black students has focused on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , competition or compliance) rather than internally (e. g. love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006). This heavy focus on those blacks who have low quality achievement, has led to a neglect in the understanding of what drives the higher achieving students to be successful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students’ experiences (Griffin, 2006). Griffin goes on to cite an interview with a young black student that was less affluent than others. The dialogue reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighing effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the class room. This is a stigma that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them. I think probably intrinsically I might have felt at one point that I needed to try harder, because I was Black, to not be a stereotype . . . not just chill, you know, talk with Ebonics or stuff like—the stereotype that people have of Black people. I purposely try to steer away from that. I think that’s certainly definitely, in a certain respect, that’s true (Griffin, 2006). This pressure that stems from the inherent stereotypes perpetuated through the use of Ebonics is even further enhanced by a misunderstanding of this complex between the students and their teachers. Griffin points this out as well when she says, the fact that many [teacher education] students do not share the same ethnic, social, racial and linguistic backgrounds as their students may lead to cultural incongruencies in the classroom which can mediate against educational effectiveness( Griffin, 2006). It is Griffin’s belief that these incompatibilities between the black students and their predominantly white teachers results in a complex to be maladaptive, in a way that is very evident. These incompatibilities are evident in value orientation, behavioral norms and expectations and styles, social interactions, self presentation, communication and cognitive processing (Griffin, 2006). Griffin’s article proves that even the system through which these students are studied for the purpose of better improving their achievement is a vicious cycle itself filled with misunderstandings and blatant neglect of the methods that may actually be successful, specifically teaching methods like andragogy and reflective learning. Androgogy and reflective learning are two educational forms that have become very prevalent at the collegiate level. They are considered to be the two best teaching methods in educating adults. This has been found to be specifically true for pre-med and science majors in college, due to andragogy’s focus on authentic assessment (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. These evaluations tend to exercise their: creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It largely corresponds with standardized testing (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to practice logic as apposed to just being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply standardized test curriculum to real life circumstances. Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students’ adult life. These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. The key argument these test pose is that for the traditional testing method, the right answers are not rationales. This basically acknowledges that the level of logic required for traditional standardized tests is lacking. This is due to a relationship that involves test takers who simply cram for their tests, and instructors who feel the tests have no relevance to their teaching ability. This is a common occurrence that has resulted in resentment for traditional standardized testing on the behalf of both parties involved. Authentic assessment is a genuine push towards the implementation of more authentic tasks. Instructors find it easier to apply these tasks to their curriculum and students find it easier to assess what is expected of them. It is considered a form of improving overall performance, in a testing system traditionally structured solely to monitor it. This fault in western education is the main catalyst for shifts in standardized testing that focus more on authentic assessment and experiential learning. Medical students and students pursuing the sciences, like psychology or sociology, are expected to have certain skills appropriate for the practice of their profession. This requires a form of learning that can assesses curriculum and then apply it to real life situations. As well as the medical and science field, andragogy and reflective learning is being used to enhance the productivity of multimillion dollar corporations. Experiential learning thus involves a, ‘direct encounter with the phenomena being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter, or only considering the possibility of doing something about it. (Borzak 1981: 9 quoted in Brookfield 1983). This sort of learning is sponsored by an institution and might be used on training programmes for professions such as social work and teaching or in field study programmes such as those for social administration or geography courses. Kolb, David A. , ‘david a. kolb on experiential learning’ Kolb breaks down understanding of experiential learning into an understanding of the American educational systems use of the field trip and project based learning (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). While project based learning is considered to be one of the best methods of learning for all individuals because it promotes authentic assessment, and thus provides young black students especially to expand their understanding of the Western culture from which they have been systematically alienated, it is also very expensive to organize. Anyon discovers that the majority of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are usually not supported in public schools because of the amount of funding they require. This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located near high income housing or low income housing. Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies between these two types of schooling in his interview with Marge Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities: A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas, which are predominantly black, barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips. Kozol credits this problem to the use of property tax to fund schools in low income areas. He states: we ought to finance the education of every child in America equitably, with adjustments made only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective wealth of our society, mainly from a steeply graduated progressive income tax. (Kozol) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most influential step to improving classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals. It has become an American tradition and almost a right of passage in high school. Project Based Management has a very beneficial influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why it’s not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The benefit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is good considering the new shift in standardized testing. The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is dependent on the student’s past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems can’t afford implementing PBL curriculums. Chairperson of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the nature of underprivileged education. Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference between private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom; in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the community. She does this by pointing out that, students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded for classroom behaviors that correspond to personality traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata – the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for initiative and personal assertiveness. (Anyon) This is the key ideal of Anyon’s theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook. PBL is most prevalent in private and high income community public schools. This creates a system where the students taught in the private schools are taught to think independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a controversial and conflicting history in America. Gary Colombo based much of his research on this conflict. Gary Colombo argues that the majority of the Founding Fathers were wealthy conservatives who were honestly opposed to democracy. This signifies them as an elitist class constructing laws that will better maintain their control of the government. Their initial goal was to keep power in the hands of the wealthy, and prevent the majority from realizing their strength. One major modern day justifications for this elitist view is that, these framers were the same men who risked their lives for the good of others by signing the declaration of independence, and they are getting what is owed to them. It is Garry Colombo’s view that these patriots did not intend to revolutionize democracy, but that their sole intention was to gain independence from Britain in order to get the country out of their pockets. Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its signing were held in private. The media was used conceal the constitution’s actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American government found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class. It is Colombo’s view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation. These educated individuals were viewed as secondary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the Native American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people. He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yours†¦several of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the northern provinces they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners; ignorant of every means of living in the woods; unable to bear either cold or hunger; knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy†¦they were totally good for nothing. (Colombo) Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its ability to assimilate one into the culture in which they live. This assimilation is not one that produces equal opportunity for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. In sum, Anyon argues that today’s working class curriculums center more on teaching black students to follow instructions rather than teaching them how to authentically assess problems. She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and decision making. Ebonics only further expands this gap between classes, considering the level of stereotypes that come along with its practice and the powerfully influential stigma that blacks are subject to as a result. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it would only be just that they receive the same educational curriculums. By using Ebonics in the school system, the nation is alienating blacks from the main stream through both class and race. Lower income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions. This is an immoral practice, but there are risks that can occur if Anyon’s elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country. Everyone can not manage the corporation some have to toil for the sake of the company. The working class may potentially have a better understanding of executive duties, if Anyon’s curriculum is implemented. With a greater appreciation for the business structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyon’s theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select. This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation it’s in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is wise to utilize Anyon’s elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Every income scale should be accessible among all races and nationalities, but to assume that the children of high income families will work remedial jobs so the poor can be executives is irrational. Anyon’s curriculum must be set into action with the hope that it levels the playing field, and Ebonics needs to be abolished as a credible English vernacular.